The above diagram showcases how Reference Design can be industrialised for efficient construction processes..

In order to improve indoor air quality and reduce the likelihood of pathogens, fresh air rates need to be increased and air filters should be installed.However, that increases energy consumption from fans.

In naturally ventilated buildings, the recommendation is that windows should be opened frequently, even during winter, but this causes substantial heat loss and the inefficient operation of heating and cooling systems.It is also advised that in the event of further virus outbreaks, heat recovery devices are switched off – affecting the efficiency of HVAC systems.. Additionally, the recommendation to switch off recirculating cooling systems (fan coils and passive chilled beams) to limit the movement of airborne particles would affect thermal comfort and wellbeing due to overheating..These healthy design requirements can have a large impact on energy efficiency and increase pressure on carbon reduction targets and aspirations to design Net Zero Carbon buildings.

It is very important to balance these needs and think carefully about our HVAC management and controls.But most importantly, we need to design buildings which are resilient and adopt the principles of passive design.

Buildings that adopt adequate solar control measures, good thermal insulation, good daylight levels and openable windows via narrow plates have the capacity to reduce peak heating and cooling gains and the dependence on mechanical ventilation, where feasible..

The growing importance of physical and mental wellbeing in architecture and design.The problem we’re currently facing, Marks says, is that “we're only talking about the baby steps of prefabrication, or really fabrication, at this point.

We're not enabling productisation.There's a difference.

And I think we have to quickly almost leapfrog over fabrication to productisation.”.Marks says that productisation will free architects, empowering them to be “the true architects of the parameters, of the combination, of those elements.”.